GENÉTICA
Telomeric heterochromatin, seeds and meiotic characteristics in two tricepiro lines
Maia Fradkin1, Eduardo Greizerstein1,4, Lidia Poggio1, Héctor Paccapelo2& María Rosa Ferrari3
1Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de
Buenos Aires, Argentina; maiafradkin@ege.fcen.uba.ar (author for
correspondence)
2Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad
Nacional de La Pampa, Cnel. Gil Nº353, L6300DUF Santa Rosa, La Pampa,
Argentina.
3Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias,
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Ciudad Autónoma
de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias,
Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Ruta 4, km 2, 1846 Lavallol, Prov.
de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Abstract.
A hybrid, named tricepiro, was obtained in 1972, by crossing a hexaploid triticale (2n=6x=42) and an octoploid trigopiro (2n=8x=56). The lines achieved include the tricepiro Don René INTA, which has shriveled kernels, and FA-L2, which has smooth ones. The relationship between the heterochromatin content of the rye chromosomes, the seed weight, the presence of meiotic abnormalities and the kernel shriveling has been documented previously in other intergeneric hybrids. The purpose of this study was to determine the average percentage of heterochromatin content in the rye chromosomes of the two tricepiro lines mentioned above and to relate this feature to some characteristics of the meiosis and seeds. We confirmed that the two lines have the same total chromosome number (2n=42) and the same number of rye chromosomes (14). We found that both lines have a complete chromosome mating until late diakinesis, but differ in the percentage of cells with univalents outside the equatorial plate in Metaphase I (Don René 42.85% and FA-L2 14.00%). In addition, the two lines differed in their meiotic index (Don René 66.47% and FA-L2 87.90%) and seed weight (Don René 0.029 ± 0.000 g and FA-L2 0.038 ± 0.001 g). The C-banding in rye chromosomes in mitotic metaphase indicated that the average percentage of heterochromatin content did not differ significantly between the two lines. In contrast to our expectations, the meiotic behavior and seed characteristics were not related to the heterochromatin percentage of the rye chromosomes of the tricepiro lines studied.
Keywords. Heterochromatin; Micronuclei; Shriveled kernels; Tricepiro; Univalents.
Resumen.
Al cruzar un triticale hexaploide (2n=6x=42) y un trigopiro octoploide (2n=8x=56) se obtuvo, en 1972, un híbrido denominado tricepiro. Entre las líneas que se lograron están tricepiro Don René INTA que posee semillas arrugadas y FA-L2 con semillas lisas. El contenido de heterocromatina de los cromosomas de centeno en otros híbridos intergenéricos ha sido relacionado con la rugosidad y peso de las semillas, así como con la presencia de anormalidades meióticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar, en ambas líneas mencionadas anteriormente, el porcentaje promedio de heterocromatina presente en los cromosomas de centeno y relacionar este valor con características de la meiosis y de las semillas. Confirmamos que las dos líneas tienen el mismo número cromosómico (2n=42) y el mismo número de cromosomas de centeno (14). Encontramos que ambas presentan un apareamiento completo de los cromosomas hasta diacinesis tardía, pero difieren en el porcentaje de células con univalentes fuera de la placa ecuatorial en Metafase I (Don René 42,.85 % y FA-L2 14,00 %). Además, ambas líneas difieren en el Índice Meiótico (Don René 66,47 % y FA-L2 87,90 %) y en el peso de las semillas (Don René 0,029 ± 0,000 g y FA-L2 0,038 ± 0,001 g). El análisis de las bandas C, hecho en metafases mitóticas, indicó que el porcentaje promedio del contenido de heterocromatina presente en los cromosomas de centeno, no difiere significativamente entre las dos líneas. Contrariamente a nuestras expectativas, el comportamiento meiótico y las características de las semillas no mostraron relación con el porcentaje de heterocromatina presente en los cromosomas de centeno de las líneas híbridas estudiadas.
Palabras clave. Heterochromatina; Micronúcleos; Semillas arrugadas; Tricepiro; Univalentes.
INTRODUCTION
Tricepiro is a synthetic
forage crop obtained in Argentina in 1972 by crossing a hexaploid triticale
(AABBRR 2n=6x=42) and an octoploid trigopiro (AABBDDJJ, 2n=8x=56) (Covas, 1976,
1989, 1995). Different lines, all with 2n=42 chromosomes, were obtained after
several years of breeding (Tosso et al., 2000). Two of these lines, named Don
René INTA and FA-L2, were studied in the present work. The genomic composition
of tricepiro in different lines is quite similar to triticales, but tricepiros
have Thinopyrum introgression (Ferrari et al., 2005; Fradkin et al., 2009a).
Both lines of tricepiro analyzed here differ in their kernel characteristics:
Don René has shriveled kernels while FA-L2 has smooth ones.
Kernel shriveling and meiotic instability have been considered important
problems of synthetic amphiploid triticales. These characteristics have been
frequently related to the presence of large terminal heterochromatin blocks on
the rye chromosomes (Thomas & Kaltsikes, 1974; Merker, 1976; Bennett, 1977;
Roupakias & Kaltsikes, 1977; Gustafson & Bennet, 1982; Naranjo &
Lacadena, 1982; Soler et al., 1990; Jouve & Soler, 1996). However, in some
cases, the size of the terminal heterochromatin blocks seems not to be
associated with kernel shriveling and meiotic instability (Varghese &
Lelley, 1983; Papa et al., 1990).
Triticale meiotic instability can be originated by causes that are not related
to the large rye terminal heterochromatin bands, such as mutations, that could
disturb the correct rye meiotic mechanisms (Jenkins et al., 2005, 2008;
Sosnikhina et al., 2005, 2007).
The aim of the present work is to analyze the relationship between the
percentage of the rye terminal heterochromatin bands and the presence and
number of univalents in Metaphase I, the Meiotic Index, and the kernel
characteristics (shriveled or smooth kernels and weight) in the tricepiro lines
Don René and FA-L2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seeds of the tricepiro Don René INTA, tricepiro FA-L2 and Secale cereale L. were provided by Ing. G. Covas. Plant samples from which seeds were obtained were deposited at Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Argentina. Plants were grown in irrigated beds in the greenhouse of the Instituto Fitotécnico de Santa Catalina, Llavallol, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
Meiotic studies
Young spikes were fixed in absolute alcohol: acetic acid (3:1). The anthers from immature flowers were squashed in 2% acetic hematoxylin as stain and 1% ferric citrate as mordant. Slides were made permanent by freezing with CO2, removing the cover slip, dehydrating in absolute alcohol and mounting in Euparal.
Meiotic Index
The number of tetrads with and without micronuclei (normal) of each line was determined from the observation of at least 100 tetrads. The Meiotic Index (MI) was obtained according to the following formula:
MI = (number of normal tetrads / number of total tetrads analyzed) x 100 (Love, 1949).
C-banding
C-banding was performed according to Tito et al. (1991) with minor modifications. Roots (1 cm long) were pre-treated in ice-cold water for 36 hours and fixed in absolute alcohol: acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours at room temperature and stored at -20°C. Fixed roots were washed in 0.01 M citric acid-sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.6) to remove fixative, and transferred to an enzyme solution containing 2% cellulase and 20% liquid pectinase. The softened material was washed again in buffer solution. Finally, slides were prepared using the squash technique in a drop of 45% acetic acid and chromosomes were stained with 4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
Chromosome measurements
The lengths of rye
chromosomes and their terminal heterochromatin bands were measured with the
computer application MicroMeasure version 3.01, available on the Internet at
http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Biology/MicroMeasure.
The lengths of the rye terminal heterochromatin bands were normalized dividing
the length of each band by the total length of the corresponding chromosome.
The percentage of normalized heterochromatin present in the rye chromosomes of
each line was calculated using the following formula: (Ó NLH /n) x 100
(NLH=normalized length of heterochromatin terminal bands, n=total number of rye
chromosomes in each line). Twenty cells in each line were analysed.
Kernel weight
One hundred seeds of each line were individually weighed in a digital scale and the seed average weight of each line was obtained.
Statistical Analysis
Differences in the seed weight and size of telo meric heterochromatin between the two lines were tested through the t- Test. The number of cells with and without univalents at Metaphase I and the number of tetrads with and without micronuclei were tested using the Chi-square test. All the sta tistical analyses mentioned above were carried out with the program INFOSTAT (Di Rienzo et al., 2008).
RESULTS
We confirmed that
individuals belonging to the two tricepiro lines studied had the same chromo
some number (2n=42) (Fig. 1A, B) and 14 rye chromosomes with
conspicuous DAPI (+) termi nal heterochromatic bands (Fig.
1A-C). No diffe rences were found in the heterochromatin percen tage of the
two lines (p<0.05) (Table 1).
A complete pairing of chromosomes, forming 21 bivalents, up to late diakinesis
was observed in both lines (Fig. 2A, B). However, differences
in the number of univalents outside the equatorial plate in Metaphase I were
found between Don René and FA-L2 (Fig. 2C, D). FA-L2 had a
lower percentage of cells with univalents outside the equatorial plate in
Metaphase I and a narrower univalent range (Table
1).
Fig. 1.
C-bands in mitotic metaphase cells. A, tricepiro Don René INTA
(2n= 42). B, FA-L2 (2n=42 ). C, Secale
cereale (2n=14). Bar=10 µm.
Fig. 2. Meiotic behaviour.
A, C, E, tricepiro Don René. B, D, F, FA-L2.
A-B, late diplotene 21 II. C, Metaphase I
with 13 univalents. D, Metaphase I (ca 21 II).
E-F, tetrads, with 6 and 2 micronuclei respectively. Bar=10
µm.
Table 1. Seed and meiotic
characteristics of Don René INTA and FA-L2 tricepiro lines.Abbreviations: n1,
num ber of cells; n2, number of tetrads; n3, number of seeds;
Although both lines had
tetrads with micronu clei (Fig 2E, F), the number of tetrads
with micro nuclei was higher in Don René than in FA-L2. Besides, Don René had
the highest number of micronuclei per tetrad (Table 1).
The meiotic index value was different in the two lines, being lower in Don René
than in FA-L2. The seed weight also differed significantly betwe en both lines,
being lower in Don René than in FA L2 (Table 1).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The same chromosome
number and similar rye chromosomes in both lines are a consequence of their
common origin (Ferrari, 2004; Ferreira et al., 2007). The rye chromosomes were
recognized by their typical terminal C-bands, in accordance with other authors
(Papa et al., 1990; Cuadrado & Jouve, 1994; Fradkin et al., 2009b). The
common origin of the two lines can explain the similarity in heterochromatin
percentage presented in the rye chromosomes. However, some of their morpholo
gical, agronomical and biochemical characteristics are different (Bertoni et
al., 1995 a, b; Gros et al., 1995; Ferrari et al., 2001).
In the present work, these lines showed diffe rences in the meiotic behavior:
tricepiro Don René had a greater number of univalents in Metaphase I and
micronuclei in the tetrads than FA-L2. Besi des, Don René and FA-L2 differed in
their kernel characteristics: the former had shriveled seeds whereas the latter
had smooth ones with greater average weight.
The rye heterochromatic telomeric bands have been associated with abnormalities
in the meiotic behavior, the shriveling and the weight of the seeds (Bennet,
1977; Soler et al., 1990). However, in the present study, the two tricepiro
lines differed in their meiotic behavior and the weight and textu re of their
kernel, but had similar heterochromatin content of the terminal areas of the
rye chromoso mes. This suggests that other mechanisms may be involved in the
origin of these differences. We thus hypothesize that one of the possible
reasons is the presence of genes that modify the meiotic stability of the rye
chromosomes. This idea has been sup ported by different authors who suggested
that genes that induce asynapsis or desynapsis of homologous chromosomes could
account for the origin of univalents in Metaphase I and of micro nuclei in
tetrads (Jenkins et al., 2005; Sosnikhina et al., 2005; Mikhailova et al.,
2006).
The lower frequency of meiotic abnormalities in FA-L2 would enable this line to
produce more balanced gametes than Don René. Therefore, the well-developed
endosperm of FA-L2 would pro duce seeds with a smoother texture and a greater
weight than those of Don René. We cannot rule out that physiological factors
are involved in the shri veling of the seed, as postulated by several authors
(Klassen et al., 1971; Branlard et al., 1985; Hene en & Brismar, 1987;
Bernardo et al., 1990).
As a consequence of the trigeneric origin of tri cepiro (wheat, rye and
wheatgrass), the genetic complexity could justify the variability found in the
lines. Recent studies have shown that the allo polyploid formation in
triticale and wheat is accompanied by diverse genetic and epigenetic events (Ma
et al., 2004; Feldman & Levy 2005; Ma & Gustafson, 2006, 2008).
We postulate that the origin of the abnormalities in the meiotic behaviour and
the shriveling and weight of the kernels observed in the tricepiro lines
studied are not related to the heterochromatin content of the rye chromosomes.
The analysis carried out in the present work illustrates the importance of
cytogenetic evaluation and multi disciplinary studies when analyzing different
para meters in breeding programs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by grants from Conse jo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET-PIP 112-200801-00342) and Universidad de Buenos Aires (X178 and X446). In memory of Dr. Naranjo.
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