ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES
Pitaya ( Stenocereus stellatus) fruit growth is associated to wet season in Mexican dry tropic (With 2 Figures & 1 Table)
El crecimiento del fruto de pitaya (Stenocereus stellatus) está asociado a la estación húmeda en el trópico seco mexicano (Con 2 Figuras y 1 Tabla)
García-Suárez1 F, L Carreto-Montoya2, R Cárdenas-Navarro3, JC Díaz-Pérez4, R López-Gómez
1 Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bioticos IPN, Km 7.5 Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla,
Morelos, México.
2 Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás
de Hidalgo, Edificio B3 Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mich. CP 58060
México. Tel. and Fax: (443) 326-57-88
3 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales. Universidad Michoacana de San
Nicolás de Hidalgo. Km 9.5 Unidad Posta Zootécnica. Tarímbaro, Mich. CP 58880. México.
4 Department of Horticulture, Coastal Plain Experiment Station-Tifton Campus, University
of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793-0748, USA
Address Correspondence to: Rodolfo López-Gómez.- Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico-
Biológicas. Edificio B1. Ciudad Universitaria. Francisco J. Mujica S/N. Col Felicitas Del Rio
Morelia, Mich. México. CP 58060. email: lgomez@zeus.umich.mx
Recibido/Received 05.09.06. Aceptado/Accepted 12.06.07.
Abstract. In this work we contribute to the knowledge of the reproductive phenology of Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer,Riccobono), a columnar cactus that produces fruits of high commercial perspectives known as "pitayas". This kind of pitayas are produced for local commercialization in back orchards in some regions of the Mexican dry tropics. These fruits are produced only in the apical part of the cactus "arms". Our results show that fruit development of pitayas is highly associated to the rainy season of the year. This behavior is different from the reproductive strategy of other columnar cactus species that produce other kinds of pitaya in the same ecological region.
Key words: Columnar cacti; Pitaya fruit; Phenology; Water stress.
Resumen. En este trabajo contribuimos al conocimiento de la fenología reproductiva de Stenocereus stellatus(Pfeiffer,Riccobono) el cual es un cacto tipo columnar que produce frutos con una gran perspectiva comercial conocidos como "pitayas". Este tipo de pitayas son producidos en huertos de traspatio en algunas regiones del trópico seco Mexicano y son comercializados localmente. Estos frutos solo son producidos en la parte apical de los "brazos" de la planta. Nuestros resultados muestran que el desarrollo de los frutos de pitaya está fuertemente asociado al período lluvioso del año. Este comportamiento es diferente de la estrategia reproductiva de otras especies de cactos columnares que producen otro tipo de pitayas y que crecen en la misma región ecológica.
Palabras clave: Cactos columnares; Fruto de pitaya; Fenología; Estrés hídrico.
INTRODUCTION
The understanding of the environmental factors that affect fruit production
is very important for the optimal utilization of resources. One of the most
important phenomenon in horticulture is the phenology of species and, in
cacti, phenology is particularly poorly known. Rainfall amount and distribution
can significantly affect the reproductive behavior of many plant species.
Sexual reproduction of the majority of the species in the deciduous tropical
forest (including some cacti) takes place during the middle or at the end of the
dry season (Rzendowsky, 1978). Janzen (1978) establishes a strong correlation
between the time of sexual reproduction of tropical plants and the existence
and activities of their pollinators and dispersal agents (insects and animals).
In arid ecosystems most plants respond to precipitation. The pulsereserve
model addresses the response of individual plants to precipitation
and predicts that there are "biologically important" rain events that stimulate
plant growth and reproduction (Ogle & Reynolds, 2004).
There is increasing commercial interest in fruits of some columnar
cacti which have an economic value in national and international markets.
This has motivated the establishment of commercial orchards; such is the
case for fruits known regionally as "pitayas". Pitaya is a generic name for
fruits produced by different Mexican cacti species, such as, Stenocereus griseus
(Haw) and Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccobono in Oaxaca and
Puebla (Piña-Lujan, 1977); Stenocereus queretaroensisin Querétaro, Jalisco
and Michoacán (Pimienta-Barrios & Nobel, 1995; Mizrahi et al., 1997), and Stenocereus fricci in Michoacán (Rebollar-Alviter et al., 1997).
Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Riccobono is a columnar cactus endemic to
central México. Its location is centered on the Tehuacán Valley and La
Mixteca Baja, in the states of Puebla, Oacxaca and Guerrero (Casas et al.,
1999). The fruits produced by these plants under natural conditions are
important economic income sources to different marginal communities, and
are a food source for human and animals. The cultivation of this crop is feasible
using relatively low inputs (Pimienta-Barrios & Nobel, 1998).
In this paper we report the phenological observations of "pitaya" plants
( Stenocereus stellatus) in a rural orchard. We show that the pattern of fruit
growth of this cactus is related to the rainy season, which contrasts with other
pitaya species ( Stenocereus queretaroensis, Stenocereus griseus) where part of
the reproductive period occurs during the dry season. These pitaya species
are also components of the Mexican Tropical Deciduous Forest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site. The study was conducted at a rural orchard in Chiautla,
Puebla, México. The orchard was formed using different wild plant parts
("arms") established by vegetative propagation (López-Gómez et al., 2000).
Phenological observations. Eighty adult individuals plants were marked
and phenological observations were taken monthly for one year, starting in
February 2000. Fruit length and diameter were taken using a vernier every 15
days for the different fruits produced in the selected plants. Fruit volume was
calculated according to the formula V=& r 2 h where 'V' is fruit volume, 'r' is the
fruit radius (r = diameter/2), and 'h' is fruit length. We tagged and determined
the date when a group of fruits (group 1; n = 250 fruit) first appeared in the reproductive
period in different arms of each plant. We also tagged a second fruit
group (group 2; n = 100 fruits) which formed 15 days after the first group.
Statistical analysis. Regression and correlation analyses were made
using the software SYSTAT version 9.01 to establish the relationship between
rainfall during the wet season and the rate of fruit growth. The rate of
fruit growth was determined as the change of the fruit volume. Rainfall data
were obtained from a weather station maintained by the Comisión Nacional
del Agua in Chiautla, Puebla, México.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phenology data were used to build a phenological diagram (Fig. 1a). Flowers and fruits in this cactus only appeared in the apical part of the arms. The flowering period of this species began in May and June and ended in August, while the fructification period went from June through November. The highest number of green (immature) fruits were observed in August, while the ripe fruits were found in August and September. Fruits ripened 60-90 days after anthesis. This reproductive period coincided with the rainy period of the year. Figure 1b shows the average rainfall for a 10-year period in the Chiautla region. The reproductive behavior of this cactus is different from that of other cacti species that produce pitayas like Stenocereus queretaroensis and S. griseus, which bear fruits during the dry period of the year (Benito-Bautista et al., 1992; Pimienta-Barrios & Nobel 1998; Areta-González et al., 1999).
We determined the relationship of fruit growth versus precipitation in the pitaya of S. stellatususing a biphasic model for the group 1 of fruits, and a simple lineal regression for the fruits of group 2. The parameters of the correlation are shown in Table 1 and plotted in Fig. 2.
For the first group of fruits (group 1) there were two stages in fruit development
based on the pattern of growth rate over time. In the first stage, fruit
growth rate was 1.01 cm3/d and the timing of this stage coincided with the
beginning of the rain period and the first maximum in rainfall. The second stage
of fruit growth is probably a consequence of a rise in the rainfall amount (June).
In the second stage, fruit growth rate was about four times (4.03 cm3/d) as high
as in the first stage (Fig. 2). This fruit growth pattern is different from of a double
sigmoid pattern reported for opuntia fruits (De la Barrera & Nobel, 2004).
Fruits of group 2 showed a growth rate that was almost constant during fruit
development (Table 1, Fig. 2). In addition, fruits from group 2 reached a sma
ller size, ripened faster and had a lower eating quality than those from group 1.
Possibly this growth behavior is a consequence of a low fruit osmotic potential
as a result of the accumulation of osmolytes that would create a driving force for
increasing fruit water uptake immediately after a rainfall event. Several horticultural
species (e.g., tomato, melon, cherries) show an increased water uptake
by the fruit after irrigation or a rainfall event preceded by a period of water
stress (Huang et al., 2000; Kozlowski et al., 2002; Moing et al., 2004 ).
The reproductive behavior of plants after a precipitation event has been
explained in the ecological context of the pulse reserve model, which addresses
the response of some desert plants to precipitation. This model predicts that
there are biologically important rainfall events that stimulate plant growth and
reproduction. These pulses of precipitation may play a key role in long term
plant function and survival in desert plants (Ogle & Reynolds, 2004).
The different patterns of response to rainfall events by pitaya-producing
cacti may have horticultural applications. Mixed orchards could be established
combining species such as S. griseus or S. queretaroensiswhich produce fruits
during the dry season, with species such as S. stellatus or S. fricii which produce
fruits during the wet season.
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