Introducción
In March 2020, in response to the alarming severity and spread of a new coronavirus declared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the world was facing a pandemic. From this date on, countries emphasised the medical-epidemiological aspects while encouraged by health experts to implement various measures to protect the population, either by limiting or prohibiting the movement and interaction of people. The speed with which the situation exploded and the strict government restrictions imposed to contain it created a unique situation that immediately affected all economic actors (Kraus et al., 2020). In Argentina, the government measure popularly known as “quarantine” was officially called “Social, Preventive and Obligatory Isolation”. At a national level, it began to be enforced on Friday, March 20. However, it was later extended for different periods, with the progressive reopening of activities in the different provinces and municipalities, according to the existence of new cases and the progress of the contagions. However, Argentina has become the country with one of the longest and strictest quarantines in the world, forcing non-essential businesses and companies to close their doors for months. In addition to this situation, there are the particularities of the institutional and socioeconomic context itself.
In Tandil, the municipality where this research was carried out, with a population of approximately 120,000 inhabitants, according to the Bulletin published on the local government website, the measures implemented to mitigate the health effects of the pandemic had an impact on various sectors but mainly on tourism-related activities, grouped into three categories: accommodation (including the provision of accommodation and support services), gastronomy (provision of food and drink) and complementary activities (travel agencies, preparation or sale of regional products, recreational and adventure services, and transportation).
This background attempts to frame the scenario in which the study takes place, which led us to ask what happens in a substantive area of small and medium-sized enterprises when business owners are suddenly forced to discontinue their activities. This question is among a host of possible questions that could stimulate curiosity as our world changes. Therefore, we see this as an open opportunity to advance knowledge that transcends the small and medium enterprise sector and agree with Kraus et al. (2020) on the need to investigate how they managed to respond and adapt to the situation described.
From this framework, and recognising the importance of family businesses in the productive framework of countries for their contribution to the gross product, economic growth and job generation, as well as to the maintenance of employment levels (International Family Enterprise Research Academy, IFERA, 2003), this paper aims to explore and describe the actions implemented by these organisations to cope with the crisis caused by a new coronavirus identified in late 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and to analyse the implications for the future. To this end, the research was carried out in family businesses belonging to the agri-food chain due to their high representativeness in the local economy.
To this end, the following section presents a brief frame of reference that allows us to clarify (i) what we are talking about when we discuss the crisis and the possible strategic alternatives in the face of it, and (ii) an aspect related exclusively to research focused on this type of companies, known as “familiness” (Frank et al., 2010; Pearson et al., 2008), which influences their choices and their survival.
Research on this concept has advanced towards the aim to explain its composition and impact on the business. In this regard, different approaches or theoretical perspectives have been proposed in the literature, the most current one being that of Systems Theory, which conceives the family system and the business system—those that give specificity to these companies—as two structurally coupled systems that, through communication, incorporate the family’s own expectations and decision-making premises into the business, so that these premises become a source of familiness (Weismeier-Sammer et al., 2013). However, the predominant approach in research that has studied and discussed this particularity is the one offered by Resource and Capability Theory (Frank et al., 2010; Weismeier-Sammer et al., 2013). In this paper, we adhere to this framework because we understand that it is appropriate for the analysis proposed here. The aptitude and willingness to deploy resources in an organisation are identified with its ability to adapt to changing environments and unexpected events (Sabatino, 2016).
Then, in the third section, a qualitative and narrative methodology is proposed to allow us to describe and analyse the results based on the meanings individuals attribute to the lived experience and considering the context in which they occurred. Visualising the “how” of the phenomenon offers a better understanding of the different circumstances that occur in the critical process. In a later section, the main results of the analysis are presented, and finally, a discussion and conclusion section is offered.
Theoretical Framework
Crisis and Strategic Alternatives
In the organisational field, a crisis can be defined as the interruption of the expected development due to the emergence of abnormal events that the parties perceive as threatening to their continuity, which is why the urgent issue becomes how to restore the balance (Lalonde and Roux Doufort, 2010; Roux-Dufort, 2007).
Different types of crises pose specific problems that need to be identified since common features could be detected to try and manage them. In this sense, linked to its conceptualisation, the need to establish a classification arises intending to allow a better practical analysis of the crisis (Gundel, 2005).
In principle, disruptions should not only be recognised as such when they are caused by exceptional events, as they can also have a processual nature (Roux-Dufort, 2007). Accordingly, and in the face of different proposed typologies, Williams et al. (2017) broadly distinguish between crisis as an event and crisis as a process. While the former refers to that unexpected or unforeseen situation that gives little room for developing a response—and, at the same time, stakeholders may perceive it as putting the viability of the organisation at risk—crisis as a process is revealed as a series of events that are triggered over time and with which organisations interact. It is necessary to interpret these events in their environment to respond at different stages.
Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 crisis fits the concept of crisis as an event since it is an unplanned and unnoticeable event, which shows, in principle, the inability to consider all the associated and potential risks (Rosenthal, 2003); therefore, the development of an effective response to deal with these unexpected and disruptive situations will depend on the adaptive and proactive behaviour of the people who make up a system. In the case of the organisational system, the responses become necessary when noticing that the established structures and routines are insufficient (Boin, 2009; Boin and McConnell, 2007). Thus, this event leads organisations to demonstrate their capacity for resilience, that is, to face the unexpected by developing specific, and even transformative, responses to capitalise on these threats in favour of their survival and avoid those non-adaptive tendencies (Lengnick-Hall et al., 2011). In general, resilience is not conceived as a static attribute but as the result of processes that collaborate in flexibly maintaining available resources to facilitate contingent adaptation in the face of adversity (Meneghel et al., 2013). However, when resources are limited, they condition the ability of companies to respond promptly to these critical events; similarly, institutional conditions and stakeholder support are external factors that can favour or hinder their development (Halkos et al., 2018).
Starting from the argument that both concepts, crisis and resilience, are closely related, Wenzel et al. (2020) review the literature to finally synthesise the four possible strategic responses of companies in the face of a critical scenario:
Downsize: this is a widely observable and even unavoidable strategic position that aims to reduce costs, assets, products, product lines and overhead. It intends to reduce the scope of a company’s business in the short term to achieve its survival. Its long-term viability is debatable, as continued downsizing can lead to the deterioration of valuable resources, capabilities, and even the organisational culture.
Persevere: this consists of maintaining the status quo. It can be an effective response, essentially linked to the availability of resources, both internally and externally. For the medium term, it can be considered a strategic and viable response.
Innovate: this implies taking advantage of those windows of opportunity that open up amid the prevailing uncertainty to explore new alternatives or expand activities into other sectors. Innovation will allow a company to survive in the long term if the crisis persists. However, it is most likely that additional capacities will be needed to carry out a strategic renewal, as well as cash, a resource that becomes a strategic asset in hostile contexts.
Exit: this is the interruption of business activities and may be an unavoidable strategy when other responses are lacking or fail. It can also be the result of fatalistic judgments in weak institutional environments. Although exits usually carry the label of “business failure”, they do not always represent the firm’s decline; on the contrary, they can mean the release of resources committed to one business to be transferred to a new one.
The Behaviour of Family Businesses in Critical Situations
Although the possible responses elaborated by non-family or family businesses to crises could be similar, it should be considered that the latter have behaviours that identify them. In this sense, they could take particular measures to face them (Kraus et al., 2020). Family Businesses (FB) have distinctive characteristics mainly associated with the interactions between the family and the business subsystems and the former’s influence on the business (Chrisman et al., 2005). This particularity has sought to be explained from different approaches. One of them is “familiness”, a denomination assigned by Timothy Habbershon and Mary Williams (1999, p. 11) in the framework of the Resources and Capabilities Theory, which highlights those elements that the family provides to the company (such as values, bonds, knowledge, a vision and purpose shared by family members), facilitating both resources that can impact on business performance and a framework for action (Carnes and Ireland, 2013; Frank et al., 2010; Pearson et al., 2008). According to David D. Sirmon and Michael A. Hitt (2003), the components of this familiness are the following:
human capital, which integrates the FB, since the dual relationships maintained by its members—in the family and in the company—create a unique context for the acquisition of skills and the transmission of tacit knowledge;
financial capital, which is called patient financial capital, since it comprises the investments that these companies make without expecting immediate returns, with a long-term horizon that is sustained by their ambition for continuity;
survival capital, which is the one that could help in unfavourable economic periods and includes those personal resources that family members are willing to lend or share for the benefit of the business, such as labour, monetary loans or investments. Its existence will depend on the characteristics of the family-business relations. Together with patient financial capital, it has an impact on the possibility of acquiring and merging resources by absorption;
social capital, which comprises: i) an emotional influence resulting from the strength of family ties and the emotions shared by its members, and ii) a bridging social capital that is built from the relationships that the company maintains with third parties outside it. For Zellweger et al. (2010), the fundamental pillar of familiness is found in the identity of its members, based on the firm’s perception as a family. The social capital component makes FBs difficult to imitate by non-families. The entrepreneurial social capital of these organisations is likely to develop with solid components of family social capital (Pearson et al., 2008; Weismeier-Sammer et al., 2013).
In order to try and understand the possible behaviours of the FB in a critical context, it should not be ignored that the position towards risk assumed by these companies is related to the possibility of retaining ownership and management in the hands of the family, an emotional stock that is their own (Berrone et al., 2012; Gómez-Mejía et al., 2010; Gómez-Mejía et al., 2007), as well as those distinctive resources and capabilities that they have managed to develop internally (Memili et al., 2013; Schepers et al., 2014). In this regard, Faghfouri et al. (2015) empirically demonstrate that firms with high levels of family ownership are less professionalised. Consequently, procedures for dealing with crises are less formalised. This situation may result from not having the necessary human resources within the family, and even when they do, they decide not to hire external managers to preserve their socioemotional wealth (a term coined by Gómez-Mejía et al., 2007, p. 106). Thus, these companies, faced with the risk of losing or endangering family control, financial resources and, consequently, the welfare of the human resources inside them and future generations, would adopt a conservative position, with a greater emphasis on the survival goal (Miller and Le Breton-Miller, 2006; Naldi et al., 2007).
However, as argued by Faghfouri et al. (2015), although in the long run, these behaviours represent a threat to the continuity of the company through generational transfer, it should be clarified that the position towards risk could vary depending on whether the first generation or later generations are in charge (Chrisman et al., 2013; Muñoz-Bullon et al., 2018; Wang and Poutziouris, 2010).
Specifically, and as anticipated in the initial section, this paper aims to interpret the behaviour of the family business in the face of the COVID-19 crisis from the perspective of familiness, a concept applicable only to these companies (Frank et al., 2010; Pearson et al., 2008) as a result of the identification of its members with the business (Cabrera-Suárez et al., 2014; Zellweger et al., 2010) and which, encompassing the consequences of family involvement in terms of ownership, management and intergenerational intention (Chrisman et al., 2005), collectively impacts their strategic choices and continuity (Chrisman and Patel, 2012; Chrisman et al., 2013; Sharma et al., 2014).
Methodology
Research Design
A qualitative approach is used by applying the research strategy based on case studies due to the researchers’ interest in answering a central question: How did family businesses in the municipality of Tandil respond and adapt to the situation caused by COVID-19? A second criterion that led to the choice of this methodology is the possibility of approaching in greater depth a recent event for which there is no historical information available—which is the case of this pandemic—to investigate it in the actual context in which it occurred. It is also a phenomenon that cannot be manipulated experimentally. The case study allows us to have data provided by the actors involved to be able to find in a subsequent analysis both relationships between the results and the theory developed (analytical generalisation) and possible explanations between causes and effects (Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007; Koivu and Hinze, 2017; Yin, 2003). On the other hand, it has been the methodology suggested for research in the field of business organisations management (Cepeda and Martin, 2005; Fassio, 2018; Larrinaga and Rodriguez, 2010) and, in a specific way, for the study of companies of a family nature for providing an approach that would allow interpreting the heterogeneity and complexity inherent to these organisations (De Massis and Kotlar, 2014; Nordqvist et al., 2009).
Unit of Analysis
In order to carry out the fieldwork, four companies located in Tandil, a medium-sized town in the southeastern region of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, were selected. It should be clarified that the cases have been selected intentionally yet considering the following criteria so that they could cover the phenomenon of interest (Yin, 2003) and meet the purpose pursued in applying this methodology (Koivu and Hinze, 2017): i) that it is a family business, in the sense that it has majority family ownership and at least one representative of the family participates in the management or administration; ii) that the company develops its activity in a representative sector of the local economy. Within the framework of these criteria, FBs linked to the agri-food chain and belonging to the manufacturing industry link (food: two of them engaged in the production of sausages and the other two in the production and sale of food and ice-cream) were selected. In this sense, the selection of the case studies is deliberate, since the research has a theoretical, not statistical, foundation; that is to say that the researchers have considered them adequate to illustrate and extend the theoretical relationships (Eisenhardt, 1989; Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007; Yin, 2003).
Contextualisation and Case Description
The selection of the context to which the case studies belong is based on the fact that the agri-food market has had a particularly remarkable and sustained growth in the region, being the district of Tandil one of the main engines of this performance (Lódola et al., 2013). Within the Province of Buenos Aires, the district of Tandil is configured as Medium Interior1, and Table 1 shows the performance of this category in terms of agriculture, livestock and industry for the year 2008:
The study by Lódola et al. (2013) reveals the relative importance of agricultural-livestock activities and industrial activities in medium-sized municipalities, which increases when considering the agro-industrial chain. For the authors, this includes the following:
[the] set of economic activities related in varying degrees to the production, processing and marketing of food products. Therefore, the chain encompasses the primary processing of the product in the field to the retail sale to the end consumer, passing through the industry that processes it, the suppliers of inputs for the various stages, and the transport services that connect each of the links in the chain. (Lódola et al., 2013, p. 18).
The importance of the agri-food chain in the Gross Geographic Product of the Province of Buenos Aires in medium-sized interior districts is 28.20%, which is higher than the total for the province (17.60%) and only surpassed by the Small Interior (52.5%). Then, the data available for the municipality of Tandil shows that the proportion of companies in this sector with respect to the total number of private companies is 30%, which is higher than in the interior of the Province of Buenos Aires (23%) and Argentina (19%). Regarding the size of the companies, small and medium-sized (based on the number of employed personnel) family-owned firms predominate (Lan, 2017). The production of sausages stands out as a process that integrates raw materials producers and salami manufacturers, a product recognised with Designation of Origin (DOT). This identification gives the product a link with the geographical region of origin and, in this sense, it is attributed a superior and uniform quality associated both with Tandil—the place of production and origin of the raw materials—and the use of specific production techniques (Arancibia Obrador, 2016).
It should also be noted that, before the situation raised by COVID-19 and at the macro level, Argentina presented economic and institutional conditions or factors that have been classified as problematic for doing business, for example, inflation, tax burden, difficulty in accessing financing, restrictive labour regulations, inefficient government bureaucracy, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure, among others (World Economic Forum, 2017). In recent years, the inflationary process has led to a rise in the price of production inputs and a reduction in household spending on consumption, affecting industrial companies’ level of sales and employment (Donato, 2016). Meanwhile, the capital market presents significant financial and exchange rate volatility, factors that encourage uncertainty (Pesce et al., 2018).
The following is a brief description of the cases considered in this research, which were selected by applying the criteria already indicated in the previous point and seek to represent the producer and service subsector within the agri-food chain. They are identified as FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4:
CASE FB1: 2nd generation family business—five of the eight brothers work in it—in which the founders are still actively involved. Since 1992, it has been dedicated to producing sausages and cold meats with a strong presence in the region and throughout the Province of Buenos Aires. It is an SME with constant and sustained growth, tripling its installed production capacity by moving in 2010 to the city’s Industrial Park. Currently, it is in a new turning point: obtaining the national sanitary permit, which will allow them to leave the province.
CASE FB2: 1st generation family business, with a desire for growth and family continuity; for this reason, the children are managing their own ventures but are still linked to the business. It started its activity in 2015 as a cafeteria with its own bakery. A year later, it became a restaurant, brewery and cafeteria, offering cuisine all year round, country breakfasts, and natural snacks.
CASE FB3: family business founded in 1992 in response to the collapse of slaughterhouses and livestock consignment houses and the need to sell the overwintered steers. With the incorporation of the second generation, in 2003, the company ventured into the commercial activity with the sale of meat and sausages of their own production, innovating in the market based on the recipes of the founding couple, who always lived in the countryside.
CASE FB4: family business dedicated to the semi-industrial manufacture of ice cream. It started its activity in 1976 and has managed to expand in the locality and the southeast of the Province of Buenos Aires through the franchise model. Currently, in the administration and management of the company, there are members of the 2nd and 3rd generations. Concerning its beginnings, the company has diversified its offer by making different products, besides offering catering services for events and cafeteria services at the points of sale.
Sources of Information, Data Collection and Analysis
For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted in person by the researchers themselves. The questionnaire used in the research by Kraus et al. (2020), which has been the trigger for this study, was adapted. The interviews include those family members who held a management position in the company in addition to being owners. The interviews—ten in total—were conducted in their own work environments between July 19 and August 19, 2020, a period in which the locality of residence of the companies was in phase 5, called “the new normality”, in which a greater circulation of the population was possible and careful and sustained hygiene habits replaced the restrictions of the previous stages. The duration of the interviews was about one hour, and a record was kept through audio and notes by the interviewers/researchers. The visit to the facilities of each company favoured an informal communication between interviewers and interviewees, which were used, together with the observations carried out, as additional sources of information to interpret the data collected through the interview. We also sought to integrate evidence from other sources, such as press articles published about the companies, training workshops through a digital platform in which the first author participated as coordinator, as well as company websites. Finally, the responses obtained were transcribed verbatim. The permanent point of reference for examining the data was the theoretical framework; firstly, to identify themes and categories in their contents, the information was gathered, and an analysis of the discourses in each case was carried out. The notes obtained through observation and additional sources were incorporated into the analysis. Then, convergence between the cases was sought (Yin, 2003), a phase that required constant interaction between theoretical preconceptions and inductive reasoning, influenced by the results that emerged as the data was analysed.
From the transcription of the interviews conducted, certain aspects emerge to be considered in an attempt to understand how family SMEs in the food sector responded to the COVID-19 crisis. In the following section, these are organised and presented in four axes to facilitate their interpretation and analysis, and exemplary excerpts are presented.
Results Achieved
Immediate Measures
First of all, the interviewees coincided in recognising a high level of affectation of the activity and its impact in terms of internal business factors:
“When the pandemic started, sales dropped by 25%... the restaurants that used to buy from me in Buenos Aires were closed to the public, and they couldn’t pay what they owed”. (FB1)
“We used to work a lot with the delivery system to technology companies and offices in the area; we went from 120 daily deliveries to zero when they started to do home office... We started to deliver as take-away, but it was really hard: three or four deliveries 2 a day…” (FB2)
“Here [in the store], I was affected by 90%. In the case of the field, the level of affectation was much lower. Yes, in terms of the sale of bulls and exhibitions because they can’t be held”. (FB3)
“There were all kinds of complications: reception of merchandise, deliveries... Obviously, everything related to gastronomy was reduced to zero and, in retail, we only closed delivery stores to concentrate our efforts on the others and be able to attend to a greater number of deliveries at the same time”. (FB4)
A first response to deal with this unexpected situation was to control unnecessary expenses and, more worryingly, to consider strategies to avoid downsizing. At this point, the employers acknowledged their adherence to the Emergency Assistance Program for Work and Production (or government aid ATP) to pay salaries. In this way, they sought to reorganise and readjust the production staff:
“The sale had become so depressed that we were able to set up three working groups. Each group was headed by one of the brothers”; “At first, we agreed on a Contingency Plan with the personnel, who were going to work 15 days on and off... And everyone agreed. So, I would like to highlight the good predisposition of everyone, the commitment. But luckily, it was not necessary because the ATP came out”; “And we received a third of our salary while it was necessary... we worked in all the roles... and we put in the hours that we had to put in”. (FB1)
“In the beginning, we had to organise workgroups... and work hard with people to apply the whole protocol system. The staff was our priority; everyone needed to get paid on time. And, sometimes, we delayed paying a supplier to deal with it later.” (FB4)
In the case of FB2, given the seasonal profile of the activity, appealed not to renew the contracts that expired that month and readjust its stable staff and, like FB3, stressed the need to maintain the business with the minimum staff required:
“You have no choice today but to stay only with the right staff... the first employees are still there... but the fear today is to employ one more and have them go back to phase 1”. (FB2)
This brought certain tasks and functions reorganisation, as evidenced by the business owners themselves:
“My pastry chef went from pastry chef to being at the checkout counter to waitressing. But everyone realised they had to learn”. (FB2)
“I didn’t have to lay people off because I don’t have many… Because one is already so punished from so many previous crises that growth is minimal... I don’t take on more people”. (FB3)
Financial Management
Although the interviewees recognised having .resources. or their own financial capital to face the situation initially, having taken loans at preferential rates, which could be paid off, or having paid off previous debts by selling stock, they considered it necessary to reduce expenses to avoid getting into debt in a context of extreme uncertainty:
“From working well, from one day to the next, zero turnover; this has changed the way we buy, the way we sell, everything. We don’t sell or buy anymore with the ongoing business account... it was our own decision because the suppliers keep giving it to us... but we are worried about closing down again...” (FB2)
“...we had an extra production because of the Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice and the “Masticar” Fair... that made us work at 25% of our installed capacity”; “...at that time, health contingency plans were made but also in financial terms: lengthening payment terms, regarding stock consumption... we started to take on debts on our stock and in a very associative way with our suppliers... in fact, we owed suppliers, and our clients owed us”; “we have the culture of taking credits, as long as they are accessible... we do not distribute dividends either; because, from the financial point of view, the company is healthy...” (FB1)
“What I had managed to save the year before was part of what was used to pay suppliers. I only owed one supplier. Because, as a result of previous crises... if there’s no money, I don’t buy. We had capital, we put in the hours, and we had a lot of commitment from the [employees] working for us”. (FB3)
“Fortunately, we did not suffer shortages because we had stock of finished products and raw materials. We made use of the ATP for two months and, later, we took credits to face the payment of salaries... Always thinking positively and that this was going to end and we would be able to face this normally... And I highlight the support of the people. Nobody questioned that while others were out of work, we had to work”. (FB4)
Communication
Communication with the staff was constant, and the channel used was informal in all cases (WhatsApp). This modality is seen as the most appropriate one for family SMEs, with few employees and simple organisational structures. In this way, communication with suppliers was also intensified and, towards the market, the use of social networks and WhatsApp Business was reinforced:
“...we were already working with social media but, after the pandemic, we worked much more on this... we dedicated a lot of time in our house to improve the image, and the visibility was much bigger... and then, the new clients that arrive through social media never cease to surprise you”. (FB1)
The interviewees also highlight an intensification of ties with other business owners in the industry:
“With... [other firms] we are all family businesses... the reality we share is enormous... Before the DOT (Denomination of Origin, Tandil), we already had many dialogues and ties... if we lack things, we barter, we help each other... we work together” (FB1)
“...in the gastronomic group, there was a lot of communication. And it is like we are very present now to form the Association of Tourism and Gastronomy... there is also more contact with the Chamber of Commerce. We are also in the group “Comerciantes Unidos”, which was born out of dissatisfaction with the actions of the Chamber of Commerce, which is more concerned with big business than with the sellers... But now you see that 400 sellers formed “Comerciantes Unidos”... with COVID, they have found realities that they did not know... and these groups were formed to take actions that are bearing fruit. And they have also developed local platforms for delivery”. (FB2)
“...with the competitors, we were able to come together and make different presentations to the municipality, since ice-cream shops were not seen as an activity...” (FB4)
Specifically, FB3 and FB4 emphasise how they interacted with their main clients or partners in this extreme situation:
“Contact was intensified, not at the level of work but of support... I am a supplier, and I cannot go out and give them fierce competition... I try to generate actions with them... I tried to help them with ideas, and I even helped them to sell because it was a huge blow... psychologically”. (FB3 concerning the stores selling regional products)
“Maintaining ties is very important because they are medium- and long-term relationships. We had to work hard to support the franchises... some cities would not allow them to open, and we went there to get the permits”. (FB4 on the situation generated to franchisees from other locations)
Sales
The new sales channels that have emerged from this situation are appreciated in all cases since they “helped to solve part of the problem” (FB1). On a different note, there is optimism regarding the possibility of deciding to expand the market and even export once the authorisation by the national health agency (SENASA) is obtained, and what has been learned is highlighted:
“From this crisis, we learned sanitation protocols, and the idea is to sustain them... and going deep on social media... the crisis allowed us to explore digital commerce and delivery” (FB1), and “with the intensification of this channel [delivery] to try to remedy the forced night reduction of the restaurant service partly”. (FB2)
“You are comfortable with one market, but you shouldn’t neglect others... because it happens again and you have to reinvent yourself... or reinvent the markets”. (FB3)
“The delivery allowed us always to be there... we lost the counter sales and we had to reconfigure it; we also had to work a lot on franchises... And with all the protocols of the case, as distributors, we went out to neighbouring cities. We were already on some platforms like [mentions a virtual platform], and we advanced in developing attention by WhatsApp, Facebook and Instagram. Now we are finishing putting together an app... The communication changed a little with the franchises and with the consumers... I think the digitalisation of meetings is useful... but the face-to-face part for some issues is determinant”. (FB4)
Two salient aspects emerge here: the first one is the ability of family businesses to use and reuse relationships established from long-lasting personal ties. In contrast, the second one involves moving forward with a decision to grow into new markets/services that could be positioned as an innovative response involving strategic renewal. Regarding the possible success of the response to the shock, some studies indicate that a persistence strategy may encounter limitations if the crisis lasts too long. In this sense, given the resource-based limits to persevere over time, it can be argued that innovating may be increasingly valuable, if not inevitable, to maintain a steady long-term survival if the crisis lasts for a more extended period and attention is paid to exploring alternative sources of income. What is critical here is the decision to expand the market outside the Province of Buenos Aires and even export; decisions that will imply obtaining additional resources and higher risk.
Discussion and Conclusions
The work carried out has allowed us to access relevant information to understand the behaviour of family businesses that develop their activity within the agri-food chain in a medium-sized municipality of Argentina in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation adds to structural imbalances and a general recessionary scenario of several years.
The empirical development shows that the companies that participated in the study opted in the first place to evaluate the external circumstances and adopt a series of immediate measures aimed at reducing unnecessary expenses. However, they mainly focused on how to maintain and sustain a decision to grow into new markets. This immediate implementation strategy was supported by the search for self- financing. At the same time, the avoidance of downsizing as an alternative illustrates how family businesses contribute to employment stability. To this effect, the interviewees themselves highlighted the centrality of those resources distinctive to family businesses, intangible in nature and generated from strong personal relationships and a shared vision and purpose. This identification, interpersonal support, and sense of solidarity towards employees lead family businesses to prioritise their claims. Therefore, and in line with the theoretical framework on familiness, this paper would allow anticipating that the commitment of the human capital that makes up small and medium family businesses, the patient financial capital and the ties they maintain with third parties outside the family (employees, customers, and suppliers) became strategic resources to face this pandemic. These findings are consistent with studies suggesting that not all the resources and capabilities are equally important to persevere in a crisis; thus, leveraging firm-specific core competencies is “the strongest bastion against an adverse event” (De Carolis et al., 2009, p. 157).
Moreover, two aspects emerging from the fieldwork are the following: i) the firm adherence to the Emergency Assistance Program for Work and Production (or government aid known as “ATP”) to cope with the payment of wages initially allows to enhance the positive role of institutions that help mitigate the disruptive effect of a shock by providing companies with access to capital and information (Stieglitz et al. 2016); ii) the integration at the micro and meso local level seems to play an important role in mitigating the impact of the crisis in that, in the absence of certainty about the likely duration of COVID-19-related disruptions, those affected by the closure held meetings between local firms and institutions to keep businesses active. Thus, the search for consensus at the collective level regarding the actions to respond to the crisis laid the foundations for action in the face of the situation. In this sense, general recognition of the difficulty of the situation is identified, as well as the necessary support and accompaniment through networks formed between companies and with intermediate actors and post-pandemic virtual platforms. This result advances the understanding of the literature related to micro-territorial behaviours of family businesses (Maskell, 2001).
In such a context, communication manifests itself as a central management tool. It has a strategic value for the companies: the adverse situation allowed them to visualise opportunities to strengthen their businesses, their image or their market reputation (as evidenced by the launch of new products and services to sustain sales), and to apply new alternatives to communicate and sell their products. This led to develop and implement a communication plan during the crisis, which means that, in this scenario of great uncertainty, they did not seek a quick way out but tried to apply sustainable solutions for the medium and long term basically in three areas: institutional communication, market communication—in terms of products/services—and internal communication, being in the latter where they place greater emphasis to socialise the protocol of action.
This allows us to point out that, although the Family Businesses in our study did not have strategic contingency programs for an extreme crisis such as the one generated by COVID-19, they were able to devise quick operational solutions by deploying idiosyncratic resources—resulting from family ownership and participation in the company—that allowed them to rethink previous plans, position themselves in more favourable conditions to manage the impact of an external variable such as the one mentioned above and persevere, preventing them from evolving towards a situation of internal crisis of their own.
Contributions and Limitations
In line with the previous study by Kraus et al. (2020), carried out in the context of five European countries, our work contributes to the field of strategic management and, specifically, to the study of how to manage a crisis within the framework of the strategic responses proposed from the theory, reflecting on how Argentinean family businesses belonging to the agri-food chain are affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it illustrates the first responses to the impact in terms of organisational strategies and provides new evidence on the resilience of Argentine family businesses in the face of adversity. In addition, the perspective of familiness adopted in this research contributes to the understanding of the behaviour of these companies in a critical context, from a particular dynamic that favours the strengthening of their social capital through the maintenance of ties with customers, suppliers and employees. Faced with an event of this magnitude, which threatens employment levels and deeply rooted relationships based on trust between a family business and its community, companies prioritised the claims of their employees. However, we believe that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed pre-existing problems in the Argentine labour market and presents an opportunity for policymakers to define and describe our country’s needs in this regard. In relation to this, it is argued that this positive effect on job retention could disappear if the economic crisis is prolonged; therefore, greater policy involvement in public assistance to these firms is crucial to contribute to the post-crisis recovery.
As for the most significant limitation, we recognise that the study takes a small sample focused on one sector of business activity, which poses an evident difficulty in making generalisations. Future research should broaden the context of analysis to reach family businesses in other sectors or even consider the responses elaborated by FBs from other countries, a strategy that may highlight different aspects related to the influence of the family in the business. Our study has not sought to delve into the elements that foster these companies’ acquisition, development, and accumulation of adaptive capabilities. Finally, we state that the ideas presented based on the evidence derived from the process of our research intend to stimulate the academic studies necessary for this field, as well as the development of specific programs and collective efforts to encourage Family Businesses because we visualise the need to facilitate their actions and to develop and evaluate strategies of advice and institutional support as a way to provide them with permanent concrete support and not only during a crisis.