Resumen

ARANDA, Mario Ariel  y  DI CARLO, María Beatriz. Fosfatasa alcalina: características generales y determinación sérica. Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam. [online]. 2022, vol.56, n.3, pp.257-272. ISSN 0325-2957.

Alkaline phosphatase is a membrane enzyme that is widely spread all over the human body. Its physiological role is still under study and it intervenes in the hydrolytic catalysis of monoesters of orthophosphoric acid in an alkaline environment, in the presence of divalent cations. Its total activity is represented by its multiple present forms, which include isoenzymes, isoforms and macro enzymes. Isoenzymes are the product of different ancestral genes from different chromosomes, while isoforms are the product of several genes located in different loci of a chromosome, which show a different posttranslational glycosylation pattern. Isoenzymes originated from chromosome 1 are more abundant in liver, bones, white blood cells and kidney. Chromosome 2-derived isoenzymes (intestinal, placental, and placental-like forms) show differences among themselves in both syntheses from tissues and chemical structures. Macroenzymes are enzyme associations to non-enzymatic components (immunoglobulin, lipoprotein, plasmatic membrane segments), such as bile macroenzyme. Hyperphosphatasemia is a disorder that features elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) total activity blood levels, either due to physiological causes such as pregnancy and growth or due to pathological circumstances in response to hepatobiliary, bone, neoplastic or idiopathic disease. Several clinical situations show hyperphosphatasemia, due to the increase of some of the isoenzymes, isoforms or macroenzymes. The study of these fractions of ALP facilitates the determination of its origin in case of an increase in the total activity of the ubiquitous enzyme, which contributes to a more precise diagnosis.

Palabras clave : Alkaline phosphatase; Hyperphosphatasemia; Isoenzymes.

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